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BENJAMIN O. FORDHAM

Articles and Replication Data

Most of the articles, though not the replication data, are behind a paywall. If you want to read something but can't get it, or if you can't find a replication dataset you would like to examine, please email me. I'll get it to you as soon as possible!
Fordham, Benjamin O., and Katja B. Kleinberg. 2020. "Too Pacifist in Peace, Too Bellicose in War: Political Information and Foreign Policy." Journal of Conflict Resolution​ 64(10): 1828-1856.
  • Online appendix
  • Replication data
Abouharb, M. Rodwan, and Benjamin O. Fordham 2020. "Trade and Strike Activity in the Postwar United States." Social Sciences 9(11), 198.
  • ​Replication data
Fordham, Benjamin O. 2020. "History and Quantitative Conflict Research: A Case for Limiting the Historical Scope of Our Theoretical Arguments." Conflict Management and Peace Science 37(1): 3-15. Adapted from 2018 Presidential Address to the Peace Science Society (International). 
Fordham, Benjamin O. 2019. "The Domestic Politics of World Power: Explaining Debates over the United States Battleship Fleet, 1890-1900." International Organization 73(2): 435-68.
  • Online appendix
  • Replication data
DiCicco, Jonathan, and Benjamin O. Fordham. 2018. "The Things They Carried: Generational Effects of the Vietnam War on Elite Opinion." International Studies Quarterly 62(1): 131-44.
  • Online appendix
  • Replication data
Kleinberg, Katja B., and Benjamin O. Fordham. 2018. "Don't Know Much about Foreign Policy: Assessing the Impact of 'Don't Know' and 'No Opinion' Responses on Inferences about Foreign Policy Attitudes." Foreign Policy Analysis 14(3): 429-48.
  • Online appendix​
  • Replication dataset
​Cappella Zielinski, Rosella, Benjamin O. Fordham, and Kaija Schilde. 2017. "What Goes Up, Must Come Down? The Asymmetric Effects of International Threat and Economic Growth on Military Spending." Journal of Peace Research, 54(6): 791-805.
  • Online appendix
  • Replication data
Fordham, Benjamin O. 2017. "Protectionist Empire: Trade, Tariffs, and U.S. Foreign Policy, 1890-1914." Studies in American Political Development, 31(2): 170-92.
Flynn, Michael E., and Benjamin O. Fordham. 2017. ​"Economic Interests and Threat Assessment in the U.S. Congress, 1890-1914." International Interactions 43(5): 744-70.
  • Online appendix
  • Replication dataset
Clark, David H., Benjamin O. Fordham, and Timothy Nordstrom. 2016. "Political Party and Presidential Decisions to Use Force: Explaining a Puzzling Non-Finding." Presidential Studies Quarterly 46(4): 791-807.
Fordham, Benjamin O. 2016. "Historical Perspective on Public Support for the Draft: War Costs and Military Service." Journal of Global Security Studies 1(4): 303-22.
  • Online appendix
Fordham, Benjamin O., and Paul Poast. 2016. "All Alliances are Multilateral: Rethinking Alliance Formation." Journal of Conflict Resolution, 60(5): 840-65.
  • Online appendix
  • Link to replication data via Paul Poast
Kleinberg, Katja B., and Benjamin O. Fordham. 2013. "The Domestic Politics of Trade and Conflict." International Studies Quarterly 57(3), September, 605-19.
  •  Replication dataset
Fordham, Benjamin O., and Katja B. Kleinberg. 2012. "How Can Economic Interests Affect Support for Free Trade?" International Organization, 66(2), April: 311-28.
Fordham, Benjamin O. 2011. "Who Wants to be a Major Power?" Journal of Peace Research 48(5), September, 587-603.
  •  Replication dataset
Allen, Michael A., and Benjamin O. Fordham. 2011. "From Melos to Baghdad: Explaining Resistance to Militarized Challenges by More Powerful States." International Studies Quarterly 55(4), December, 1025-45.
  •     Replication dataset
Fordham, Benjamin O., and Katja B. Kleinberg. 2011. "International Trade and United States Relations with China." Foreign Policy Analysis 7(3), 217-36.
  • Replication dataset
Clark, David H., Benjamin O. Fordham, and Timothy Nordstrom. 2011. "Preying on the Misfortune of Others: When Do States Exploit Their Opponents' Domestic Troubles?" Journal of Politics 73(1): 248-64.
  • Replication dataset
Fordham, Benjamin O. 2010. "Trade and Asymmetric Alliances." Journal of Peace Research 47(6), November: 685-96.
  • Replication dataset
Kleinberg, Katja B., and Benjamin O. Fordham. 2010. "Trade and Foreign Policy Attitudes." Journal of Conflict Resolution 54(5), October: 687-714.
  • Replication dataset
Cutrone, Ellen A., and Benjamin O. Fordham. 2010. "Commerce and Imagination: The Sources of Concern about International Human Rights in the United States Congress." International Studies Quarterly 54(3), September: 633-55.
  • Replication dataset
Fordham, Benjamin O. 2008. "Power or Plenty? Economic Interests, Security Concerns, and American Intervention." International Studies Quarterly 52(4), December: 737-58.
  • Replication dataset
Fordham, Benjamin O. 2008. "Economic Interests and Congressional Voting on American Foreign Policy." Journal of Conflict Resolution 52(5), October: 623-40.
  • Replication dataset
Fordham, Benjamin O. 2008. "Economic Interests and Public Support for American Global Activism." International Organization 62(1), Winter: 163-82.
  • Replication dataset
Fordham, Benjamin O. 2007. "The Evolution of Republican and Democratic Positions on Cold War Military Spending: A Historical Puzzle." Social Science History 31(4), Winter: 603-35.
Fordham, Benjamin O. 2007. "Revisionism Reconsidered: Exports and American Intervention in World War I." International Organization 61(2), April: 277-310.
Fordham, Benjamin O., and Victor Asal. 2007. "Billiard Balls or Snowflakes? Major Power Prestige and the International Diffusion of Institutions and Practices." International Studies Quarterly 51(1), March: 31-52.
  • Replication dataset
Fordham, Benjamin O., and Thomas C. Walker. 2005. "Kantian Liberalism, Regime Type, and Military Resource Allocation: Do Democracies Spend Less?"  International Studies Quarterly 49(1), March: 143-59.
  • Replication dataset
Fordham, Benjamin O. 2005. "Strategic Conflict Avoidance and the Diversionary Use of Force." Journal of Politics 67(1), February: 132-53.
  • Replication dataset
Fordham, Benjamin O. 2004. "A Very Sharp Sword: The Influence of Military Capability on Decisions to Use Force." Journal of Conflict Resolution 48(5), October 2004: 632-56.
  • Replication dataset
Fordham, Benjamin O. 2003. "The Political and Economic Sources of Inflation in the American Military Budget." Journal of Conflict Resolution 47(5), October: 574-93.
  • Replication dataset
Fordham, Benjamin O., and Timothy J. McKeown. 2003. "Selection and Influence: Interest Groups and Congressional Voting on Trade Policy." International Organization 57(3), Summer: 519-49.
Fordham, Benjamin O. 2002. "Another Look at Parties, Voters, and the Use of Force Abroad." Journal of Conflict Resolution 46(4), August: 572-96.
  • See below for replication data from this project and others about U.S. decisions to use force
Fordham, Benjamin O. 2002. "Domestic Politics, International Pressure, and the Allocation of American Cold War Military Spending." Journal of Politics 64(1), February: 63-88.
  • Replication data
Fordham, Benjamin O., and Christopher C. Sarver. 2001. "Militarized Interstate Disputes and United States Uses of Force." International Studies Quarterly 45(2), September: 455-66
  • See below for replication data from this project and others about U.S. decisions to use force
Aguilar, Edwin E., Benjamin O. Fordham, and G. Patrick Lynch. 2001. "The Foreign Policy Beliefs of Political Campaign Contributors: A Post Cold War Analysis." Social Science Quarterly 82(1), March: 90-105.
Brandt, Patrick T., John T. Williams, Benjamin O. Fordham, and Brian Pollins. 2000. "Dynamic Modeling for Persistent Event-Count Time Series." American Journal of Political Science 44(4), October: 823-43.
Fordham, Benjamin O., and Patrick Cronin. 1999. "Timeless Principles or Today's Fashion? Testing the Stability of the Linkage between Ideology and Foreign Policy in the Senate." Journal of Politics 61(4), November: 967-98.
Fordham, Benjamin O. 1998. "The Politics of Threat Perception and the Use of Force: A Political Economy Model of U.S. Uses of Force, 1949-1994." International Studies Quarterly 42(3), September: 567-90.
  • See below for replication data from this project and others about U.S. decisions to use force
Fordham, Benjamin O. 1998. "Partisanship, Macroeconomic Policy, and U.S. Uses of Force, 1949-94." Journal of Conflict Resolution 42(4), August: 418-39.
  • See below for replication data from this project and others about U.S. decisions to use force
Fordham, Benjamin O. 1998. "Economic interests, party, and ideology in early Cold War era U.S. foreign policy." International Organization 52(2), Spring: 359-95.
  • Replication dataset
Aguilar, Edwin E., Benjamin O. Fordham, and G. Patrick Lynch. 1997. "The Foreign Policy Beliefs of Political Campaign Contributors." International Studies Quarterly 41(2), June: 355-66.
Fordham, Benjamin O. 1997. "Domestic Politics, International Pressure, and Policy Change: The Case of NSC 68." Journal of Conflict Studies 17(1), Spring: 126-47.
Data on United States Uses of Force, 1870-1995
I have a variety of data on U.S. decisions to use military force. I used these for several articles, as noted above.
  • Descriptive list of U.S. uses of force, 1870-1995
  • Summary dataset of U.S. uses of force, 1870-1995 (Microsoft Excel 2000 format)
  • Codebook for summary dataset
  • List of U.S. militarized interstate disputes in which the U.S. was involved, but no use of force could be confirmed
Below are the aggregated data I used in in "Another Look at 'Parties, Voters, and the Use of Force Abroad'," in the Journal of Conflict Resolution 46 (4), August 2002: 572-96. In two earlier articles, “The Politics of Threat Perception and the Use of Force: A Political Economy Model of U.S. Uses of Force, 1949-1994,” International Studies Quarterly 42 (3), September 1998: 567-90, and “Partisanship, Macroeconomic Policy, and U.S. Uses of Force, 1949-94,” Journal of Conflict Resolution 42 (4), August 1998: 418-39, I used an updated version of the data set compiled by Barry Blechman and Stephen Kaplan.  Unlike the data I compiled with Chris Sarver, these data included only "major" uses of force and covered only 1949-1994. These data sets take the form of annual and quarterly counts of uses of force. I used a similar dataset in "A Very Sharp Sword: The Influence of Military Capability on Decisions to Use Force," Journal of Conflict Resolution 48(5): 632-56. I have a separate replication file with this article above.
  • Codebook
  • Quarterly data
  • Annual data
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