Articles and Replication Data

Most of the articles, though not the replication data, are behind a paywall. If you want to read something but can't get it, or if you can't find a replication dataset you would like to examine, please email me. I'll get it to you as soon as possible!
Fordham, Benjamin O. 2020. "History and Quantitative Conflict Research: A Case for Limiting the Historical Scope of Our Theoretical Arguments." Conflict Management and Peace Science 37(1): 3-15. Adapted from 2018 Presidential Address to the Peace Science Society (International). 
Fordham, Benjamin O. 2019. "The Domestic Politics of World Power: Explaining Debates over the United States Battleship Fleet, 1890-1900." International Organization 73(2): 435-68.
DiCicco, Jonathan, and Benjamin O. Fordham. 2018. "The Things They Carried: Generational Effects of the Vietnam War on Elite Opinion." International Studies Quarterly 62(1): 131-44.
Kleinberg, Katja B., and Benjamin O. Fordham. 2018. "Don't Know Much about Foreign Policy: Assessing the Impact of 'Don't Know' and 'No Opinion' Responses on Inferences about Foreign Policy Attitudes." Foreign Policy Analysis 14(3): 429-48.
​Cappella Zielinski, Rosella, Benjamin O. Fordham, and Kaija Schilde. 2017. "What Goes Up, Must Come Down? The Asymmetric Effects of International Threat and Economic Growth on Military Spending." Journal of Peace Research, 54(6): 791-805.
Fordham, Benjamin O. 2017. "Protectionist Empire: Trade, Tariffs, and U.S. Foreign Policy, 1890-1914." Studies in American Political Development, 31(2): 170-92.
Flynn, Michael E., and Benjamin O. Fordham. 2017. ​"Economic Interests and Threat Assessment in the U.S. Congress, 1890-1914." International Interactions 43(5): 744-70.
Clark, David H., Benjamin O. Fordham, and Timothy Nordstrom. 2016. "Political Party and Presidential Decisions to Use Force: Explaining a Puzzling Non-Finding." Presidential Studies Quarterly 46(4): 791-807.
Fordham, Benjamin O. 2016. "Historical Perspective on Public Support for the Draft: War Costs and Military Service." Journal of Global Security Studies 1(4): 303-22.
Fordham, Benjamin O., and Paul Poast. 2016. "All Alliances are Multilateral: Rethinking Alliance Formation." Journal of Conflict Resolution, 60(5): 840-65.
Kleinberg, Katja B., and Benjamin O. Fordham. 2013. "The Domestic Politics of Trade and Conflict." International Studies Quarterly 57(3), September, 605-19.
Fordham, Benjamin O., and Katja B. Kleinberg. 2012. "How Can Economic Interests Affect Support for Free Trade?" International Organization, 66(2), April: 311-28.
Fordham, Benjamin O. 2011. "Who Wants to be a Major Power?" Journal of Peace Research 48(5), September, 587-603.
Allen, Michael A., and Benjamin O. Fordham. 2011. "From Melos to Baghdad: Explaining Resistance to Militarized Challenges by More Powerful States." International Studies Quarterly 55(4), December, 1025-45.
Fordham, Benjamin O., and Katja B. Kleinberg. 2011. "International Trade and United States Relations with China." Foreign Policy Analysis 7(3), 217-36.
Clark, David H., Benjamin O. Fordham, and Timothy Nordstrom. 2011. "Preying on the Misfortune of Others: When Do States Exploit Their Opponents' Domestic Troubles?" Journal of Politics 73(1): 248-64.
Fordham, Benjamin O. 2010. "Trade and Asymmetric Alliances." Journal of Peace Research 47(6), November: 685-96.
Kleinberg, Katja B., and Benjamin O. Fordham. 2010. "Trade and Foreign Policy Attitudes." Journal of Conflict Resolution 54(5), October: 687-714.
Cutrone, Ellen A., and Benjamin O. Fordham. 2010. "Commerce and Imagination: The Sources of Concern about International Human Rights in the United States Congress." International Studies Quarterly 54(3), September: 633-55.
Fordham, Benjamin O. 2008. "Power or Plenty? Economic Interests, Security Concerns, and American Intervention." International Studies Quarterly 52(4), December: 737-58.
Fordham, Benjamin O. 2008. "Economic Interests and Congressional Voting on American Foreign Policy." Journal of Conflict Resolution 52(5), October: 623-40.
Fordham, Benjamin O. 2008. "Economic Interests and Public Support for American Global Activism." International Organization 62(1), Winter: 163-82.
Fordham, Benjamin O. 2007. "The Evolution of Republican and Democratic Positions on Cold War Military Spending: A Historical Puzzle." Social Science History 31(4), Winter: 603-35.
Fordham, Benjamin O. 2007. "Revisionism Reconsidered: Exports and American Intervention in World War I." International Organization 61(2), April: 277-310.
Fordham, Benjamin O., and Victor Asal. 2007. "Billiard Balls or Snowflakes? Major Power Prestige and the International Diffusion of Institutions and Practices." International Studies Quarterly 51(1), March: 31-52.
Fordham, Benjamin O., and Thomas C. Walker. 2005. "Kantian Liberalism, Regime Type, and Military Resource Allocation: Do Democracies Spend Less?"  International Studies Quarterly 49(1), March: 143-59.
Fordham, Benjamin O. 2005. "Strategic Conflict Avoidance and the Diversionary Use of Force." Journal of Politics 67(1), February: 132-53.
Fordham, Benjamin O. 2004. "A Very Sharp Sword: The Influence of Military Capability on Decisions to Use Force." Journal of Conflict Resolution 48(5), October 2004: 632-56.
Fordham, Benjamin O. 2003. "The Political and Economic Sources of Inflation in the American Military Budget." Journal of Conflict Resolution 47(5), October: 574-93.
Fordham, Benjamin O., and Timothy J. McKeown. 2003. "Selection and Influence: Interest Groups and Congressional Voting on Trade Policy." International Organization 57(3), Summer: 519-49.
Fordham, Benjamin O. 2002. "Another Look at Parties, Voters, and the Use of Force Abroad." Journal of Conflict Resolution 46(4), August: 572-96.
  • See below for replication data from this project and others about U.S. decisions to use force
Fordham, Benjamin O. 2002. "Domestic Politics, International Pressure, and the Allocation of American Cold War Military Spending." Journal of Politics 64(1), February: 63-88.
Fordham, Benjamin O., and Christopher C. Sarver. 2001. "Militarized Interstate Disputes and United States Uses of Force." International Studies Quarterly 45(2), September: 455-66
  • See below for replication data from this project and others about U.S. decisions to use force
Aguilar, Edwin E., Benjamin O. Fordham, and G. Patrick Lynch. 2001. "The Foreign Policy Beliefs of Political Campaign Contributors: A Post Cold War Analysis." Social Science Quarterly 82(1), March: 90-105.
Brandt, Patrick T., John T. Williams, Benjamin O. Fordham, and Brian Pollins. 2000. "Dynamic Modeling for Persistent Event-Count Time Series." American Journal of Political Science 44(4), October: 823-43.
Fordham, Benjamin O., and Patrick Cronin. 1999. "Timeless Principles or Today's Fashion? Testing the Stability of the Linkage between Ideology and Foreign Policy in the Senate." Journal of Politics 61(4), November: 967-98.
Fordham, Benjamin O. 1998. "The Politics of Threat Perception and the Use of Force: A Political Economy Model of U.S. Uses of Force, 1949-1994." International Studies Quarterly 42(3), September: 567-90.
  • See below for replication data from this project and others about U.S. decisions to use force
Fordham, Benjamin O. 1998. "Partisanship, Macroeconomic Policy, and U.S. Uses of Force, 1949-94." Journal of Conflict Resolution 42(4), August: 418-39.
  • See below for replication data from this project and others about U.S. decisions to use force
Fordham, Benjamin O. 1998. "Economic interests, party, and ideology in early Cold War era U.S. foreign policy." International Organization 52(2), Spring: 359-95.
Aguilar, Edwin E., Benjamin O. Fordham, and G. Patrick Lynch. 1997. "The Foreign Policy Beliefs of Political Campaign Contributors." International Studies Quarterly 41(2), June: 355-66.
Fordham, Benjamin O. 1997. "Domestic Politics, International Pressure, and Policy Change: The Case of NSC 68." Journal of Conflict Studies 17(1), Spring: 126-47.
Data on United States Uses of Force, 1870-1995
I have a variety of data on U.S. decisions to use military force. I used these for several articles, as noted above.
Below are the aggregated data I used in in "Another Look at 'Parties, Voters, and the Use of Force Abroad'," in the Journal of Conflict Resolution 46 (4), August 2002: 572-96. In two earlier articles, “The Politics of Threat Perception and the Use of Force: A Political Economy Model of U.S. Uses of Force, 1949-1994,” International Studies Quarterly 42 (3), September 1998: 567-90, and “Partisanship, Macroeconomic Policy, and U.S. Uses of Force, 1949-94,” Journal of Conflict Resolution 42 (4), August 1998: 418-39, I used an updated version of the data set compiled by Barry Blechman and Stephen Kaplan.  Unlike the data I compiled with Chris Sarver, these data included only "major" uses of force and covered only 1949-1994. These data sets take the form of annual and quarterly counts of uses of force. I used a similar dataset in "A Very Sharp Sword: The Influence of Military Capability on Decisions to Use Force," Journal of Conflict Resolution 48(5): 632-56. I have a separate replication file with this article above.